Abstract:

The rapid expansion of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has created an urgent need for sustainable end-of-life management as increasing volumes of panels reach retirement. Global end-of-life PV waste is expected to exceed 3 million tonnes by 2035 and 25 million tonnes by 2050, making circular economy approaches essential. The principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle can minimize waste, extend panel lifespans, and recover valuable materials. Effective implementation requires eco-design, repair and refurbishment systems, advanced recycling technologies, and dedicated collection infrastructure. A comprehensive policy framework is needed to address barriers such as unregulated e-waste recycling, weak market demand, and the lack of standards. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), along with clear targets, roadmaps, and environmental regulations, can ensure responsible collection and treatment. Adopting circular economy practices will reduce environmental impacts, conserve critical resources, and generate socio-economic benefits while supporting a sustainable solar energy transition.